Which environmental factor is least likely to affect coffee cultivation?

In the context of coffee cultivation, pest presence is generally considered the least likely environmental factor affecting coffee growth directly. While pests can indeed harm plants and reduce yield or quality, they are somewhat manageable through integrated pest management practices, organic methods, and proper agricultural techniques. Growers often implement strategies to monitor and control pests, which can mitigate their impact on the coffee plants.

On the other hand, soil type, altitude, and humidity play significant roles in the physiological development of coffee plants. Soil type influences nutrient availability and water retention, which are crucial for healthy plant growth. Altitude directly affects temperature and can influence the flavor profile of the coffee, as higher elevations tend to produce beans with distinct characteristics due to slower maturation rates. Humidity impacts water availability, disease prevalence, and overall plant health, making it a critical factor in cultivation.

Thus, while pest presence is important, it is often managed through various control measures, making it less fundamental than the other environmental factors listed.